The Invention of Nature

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内容简介:

The acclaimed author of Founding Gardeners reveals the forgotten life of Alexander von Humboldt, the visionary German naturalist whose ideas changed the way we see the natural world—and in the process created modern environmentalism.

Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) was an intrepid explorer and the most famous scientist of his age. In North America, his name still graces four counties, thirteen towns, a river, parks, bays, lakes, and mountains. His restless life was packed with adventure and discovery, whether he was climbing the highest volcanoes in the world or racing through anthrax-infected Siberia or translating his research into bestselling publications that changed science and thinking. Among Humboldt’s most revolutionary ideas was a radical vision of nature, that it is a complex and interconnected global force that does not exist for the use of humankind alone.

Now Andrea Wulf brings the man and his achievements back into focus: his daring expeditions and investigation of wild environments around the world and his discoveries of similarities between climate and vegetation zones on different continents. She also discusses his prediction of human-induced climate change, his remarkable ability to fashion poetic narrative out of scientific observation, and his relationships with iconic figures such as Simón Bolívar and Thomas Jefferson. Wulf examines how Humboldt’s writings inspired other naturalists and poets such as Darwin, Wordsworth, and Goethe, and she makes the compelling case that it was Humboldt’s influence that led John Muir to his ideas of natural preservation and that shaped Thoreau’s Walden.

With this brilliantly researched and compellingly written book, Andrea Wulf shows the myriad fundamental ways in which Humboldt created our understanding of the natural world, and she champions a renewed interest in this vital and lost player in environmental history and science.

作者简介:

ANDREA WULF was born in India and moved to Germany as a child. She lives in London, where she trained as a design historian at the Royal College of Art. She is the author of Chasing Venus, Founding Gardeners, and The Brother Gardeners, which was long-listed for the Samuel Johnson Prize and awarded the American Horticultural Society Book Award. She has written for The New York Times, the Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal, and the Los Angeles Times. She appears regularly on radio and TV, and in 2014 copresented British Gardens in Time, a four-part series on BBC television.

www.andreawulf.com

原文摘录:

61岁的杰斐逊腰板笔挺,“直如枪杆”。这个高高瘦瘦、举止有些笨拙的男人,有着农夫特有的红润脸颊和钢铁般结实的体魄。他既是一个年轻国家的总统,又是蒙蒂塞洛庄园的主人。庄园占地广阔,位于弗吉尼亚蓝岭山脉的山麓中,在华盛顿西南方向约100英里处。虽然他的妻子早在20年前去世,杰斐逊仍享有亲密的家庭生活,尤其喜欢和他的七个小孙子、小孙女待在一起。朋友们注意到,杰斐逊谈天时经常让孩子们爬到他的膝上。洪堡到达美国时,杰斐逊正在为几周前去世的小女儿玛丽亚哀悼:她于1804年4月诞下一名女婴后去世。他的另一个女儿玛莎长期居住在白宫,后来带着她的孩子们搬到蒙蒂塞洛定居。
杰斐逊讨厌荒废时间。他每天黎明起身,同时翻阅若干本书籍,处理大量通信。为了备份通信记录,他专门买了一台复印信件的机器。他没有一刻能够安闲下来,还曾经告诫女儿:空虚无聊是“生活中最危险的毒药”。18世纪80年代,独立战争结束后,杰斐逊作为美国驻法国大使在巴黎生活了5年。利用这一机会,他广泛游历欧洲,带回了大量新书、古籍与新观念。他称自己为“嗜书如狂”所苦,会不停地购买和阅读书籍。在欧洲期间,他还在公务之暇参观了英国最精巧的花园,以及考察比对了德国、荷兰、意大利与法国的农业技术。
1804年是杰斐逊政治生涯中的巅峰时期。他起草过《独立宣言》, 当选了美国总统,并于1804年年底以决定性优势再次当选,开始他的第二届任期。在他的主持下,美国从法国手中购买了路易斯安那地区,为国家未来向西扩张奠定了基础。1只花了1500万美元,杰斐逊就将国家的地盘扩大了一倍:西起密西西比河,东至落基山脉,北起加拿大,南至墨西哥湾,80万平方英里的土地被纳入新的国家版图。杰斐逊刚刚派遣梅里韦瑟·刘易斯(Meriwether Lewis)和威廉·克拉克(William Clark) 进行首次横跨整个北美洲大陆的陆路考察。考察的任务将囊括杰斐逊所有感兴趣… (查看原文)

后浪
3赞
2017-10-31 14:47:46

—— 引自第91页

得知洪堡去世消息当天,25岁的德国动物学家恩斯特·海克尔十分苦闷。海克尔在给未婚妻安娜·泽特(Anna Sethe)的信中写道:“啊,我心中活着两个灵魂。”此处,他借用了歌德《浮士德》中的著名意象:浮士德在对尘世的眷恋和对飞升天界的渴望之间踟蹰徘徊,而海克尔则在艺术与科学之间左右为难。他不知道自己应该以心灵感知自然,还是以一位科学家的视角去探究自然世界。洪堡的著作给予了海克尔最初的启发,引导他从小热爱自然、科学、探索与绘画。这位伟人的去世在海克尔的心灵深处引发了一场危机。
海克尔当时正在意大利的那不勒斯,试图取得一些动物学上的新发现,从而帮助自己进入德国学术界。然而科学上的研究进展十分不顺:他本想研究海胆、海参和海星的解剖学结构,但无法在那不勒斯湾找到足够的活体样本。与海洋生物学上的丰富收获相比,意大利的优美风景 更让他心旌动摇。自然向他呈现了“一场诱人的盛宴”(如其所言),犹如东方国度的盛大集市。所以,为何还要努力成为一名科学家,去从事那些整天幽闭在室内的研究工作?海克尔告诉安娜,自己十分苦闷,好像听到“魔鬼梅菲斯特的大声嘲笑”。
在这封信里,海克尔通过洪堡的自然观来审视自己的迷茫。他该如何协调自己细致的科学观察与“以整体来把握自然”的冲动?他该如何让自己对自然的艺术欣赏和科学真理结合在一起?洪堡曾在《宇宙》中写道,知识、科学、诗歌与艺术感受之间存在一以贯之的纽带;海克尔不确定该如何在自己的动物学研究中应用这些思想。动物和植物世界挑起他的好奇心,邀请他来解开其中的奥秘,但他不确定应该通过什么来 探究谜题:是一杆画笔,还是一台显微镜?如何才能找到确定的答案?
对海克尔来说,洪堡的去世标志着自己生命中一段布满不确定性的时光之开端。在接下去的一段日子里,他将开始寻找自己真正的志业。同时,这也是他充满愤怒、危机和悲痛的职业生涯的开始。在海克尔的一生中,死亡将成为驱使他不断前行的力… (查看原文)

后浪
2赞
2017-11-06 11:32:11

—— 引自第288页