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内容简介:
This was Michel Foucault’s first major book, written while he was the Director of the Maison de France in Sweden. It examines ideas, practices, institutions, art and literature relating to madness in Western history.
Foucault begins his history in the Middle Ages, noting the social and physical exclusion of lepers. He argues that with the gradual disappearance of leprosy, madness came to occupy this excluded position. The ship of fools in the 15th century is a literary version of one such exclusionary practice, the practice of sending mad people away in ships. However, during the Renaissance, madness was regarded as an all-abundant phenomena because humans could not come close to the Reason of God. As Cervantes’ Don Quixote, all humans are ridiculous weak to desires and dissimulation. Therefore, the insane, understood as one who has come too close to God’s Reason, was accepted in the middle of society. It is not before the 17th century, in a movement which Foucault famously describes as the Great Confinement, that “unreasonable” members of the population systematically were locked away and institutionalised. In the 18th century, madness came to be seen as the obverse of Reason, that is, as having lost what made them human and become animal-like and therefore treated as such. It is not before 19th century that madness became mental illness that should be cured, e.g. Freud. Later it was demonstrated that the large increase in confinement did not happen in 17th but in the 19th century, somewhat undermining his argument.
Foucault also argues that madness during Renaissance had the power to signify the limits of social order and to point to a deeper truth. This was silenced by the Reason of Enlightenment. He also examines the rise of modern scientific and “humanitarian” treatments of the insane, notably at the hands of Philippe Pinel and Samuel Tuke. He claims that these modern treatments were in fact no less controlling than previous methods. Tuke’s country retreat for the mad consisted of punishing the madmen until they gave up their commitment to madness. Similarly, Pinel’s treatment of the mad amounted to an extended aversion therapy, including such treatments as freezing showers and use of a straitjacket. In Foucault’s view, this treatment amounted to repeated brutality until the pattern of judgment and punishment was internalized by the patient.
作者简介:
Michel Foucault, one of the leading philosophical thinkers of the 20th century, was born in Poitiers, France, in 1926. He lectured in universities throughout the world; served as director at the Institut Français in Hamburg, Germany and at the Institut de Philosophie at the Faculté des Lettres in the University of Clermont-Ferrand, France; and wrote frequently for French newspapers and reviews. His influence on generations of thinkers in the areas of sociology, queer theory, cultural studies, and critical thinking are not to be underestimated. Among his many books were the Foucault Reader, Society Must Be Defended, and Great Ideas.
At the time of his death in June 1984, he held a chair at France’s most prestigious institutions, the Collège de France. Foucault was the first public figure in France to die from HIV/AIDS.
原文摘录:
知识变得越来越抽象复杂，产生疯癫的危险性就越大。按照普莱赛万的说法，如果一种知识接近于直觉，只需要大脑器官和内部感觉的轻微活动，那么这种知识只能刺激起一种生理快感：“如果科学的对象是我们的感官能够很容易感受的，那么这种和谐的共鸣便使灵魂处于和谐一致。……这种科学在整个身体机器中进行着一种有益于各部分功能的轻微活动。”反之，如果一种知识与感官的联系过于薄弱，过于脱离直觉，那么就会引起大脑的紧张，进而使整个身体失调；“有些事物的联系人们很难把握，因为我们的感官不容易接近它们。或者因为它们的关系过于复杂，需要我们费力去研究它们。（有关的科学）使灵魂陷于这样一种活动，即不断地使内部感官处于极度紧张状态，从而产生极大的疲劳感。” (查看原文)
熊脑脑
7 回复
48赞
2012-09-07 16:27:12
—— 引自第201页
自恋是愚蠢在其舞蹈中的第一个舞伴。其原因在于，它们具有一种特殊关系：自恋是疯癫的第一个症状。其原因还在于，人依恋自身，以致谬误为真理，以谎言为真实，以暴力和丑陋为正义和美。 (查看原文)
海带岛
23赞
2013-08-13 12:08:59
—— 引自第27页