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内容简介:
What are our obligations to others as people in a free society? Should government tax the rich to help the poor? Is the free market fair? Is it sometimes wrong to tell the truth? Is killing sometimes morally required? Is it possible, or desirable, to legislate morality? Do individual rights and the common good conflict?
Michael J. Sandel’s “Justice” course is one of the most popular and influential at Harvard. Up to a thousand students pack the campus theater to hear Sandel relate the big questions of political philosophy to the most vexing issues of the day, and this fall, public television will air a series based on the course. Justice offers readers the same exhilarating journey that captivates Harvard students. This book is a searching, lyrical exploration of the meaning of justice, one that invites readers of all political persuasions to consider familiar controversies in fresh and illuminating ways. Affirmative action, same-sex marriage, physician-assisted suicide, abortion, national service, patriotism and dissent, the moral limits of markets—Sandel dramatizes the challenge of thinking through these conflicts, and shows how a surer grasp of philosophy can help us make sense of politics, morality, and our own convictions as well. Justice is lively, thought-provoking, and wise—an essential new addition to the small shelf of books that speak convincingly to the hard questions of our civic life.
作者简介:
Michael J. Sandel is the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Government at Harvard University, where he has taught since 1980. He has taught his undergraduate course “Justice” to more than 15,000 Harvard students over the years, and video footage of the course was adapted into a PBS television series. Sandel graduated summa cum laude from Brandeis University and received his doctorate from Oxford University, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. He served on the George W. Bush administration’s President’s Council on Bioethics. He lives in Brookline, Massachusetts.
Contents
1. DOING THE RIGHT THING………………..3
2. THE GREATEST HAPPINESS PRINCIPLE / UTILITARIANISM………………..31
3. DO WE OWN OURSELVES? / LIBERTARIANISM………………..58
4. HIRED HELP / MARKETS AND MORALS………………..75
5. WHAT MATTERS IS THE MOTIVE / IMMANUEL KANT………………..103
6. THE CASE FOR EQUALITY / JOHN RAWLS………………..140
7. ARGUING AFFIRMATIVE ACTION………………..167
8. WHO DESERVES WHAT? / ARISTOTLE………………..184
9. WHAT DO WE OWE ONE ANOTHER? / DILEMMAS OF LOYALTY………………..208
10. JUSTICE AND THE COMMON GOOD………………..244
NOTES………………..271
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………..293
INDEX………………..295
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原文摘录:
现在是凌晨三点，你的大学室友问你为什么深夜不睡觉，而是思考与失控电车有关的道德困境。
“为了给伦理课写一篇好论文。”你回答道。
“可是为什么要写一篇好论文呢？” 你的室友问道。
“为了获得一个好成绩。”
“可是为什么要在乎成绩呢？”
“为了在投资银行得到一份工作”
“可是为什么要在投资银行得到一份工作呢？”
“为了某天成为一名对冲基金经理。”
“可是为什么要成为一名对冲基金经理呢？”
“为了赚很多的钱。”
“可是为什么要赚很多的钱呢？”
“为了能够经常吃龙虾，我喜欢吃龙虾。毕竟，我是一个有感知的生物。这就是我为什么熬夜思考失控电车的原因！”
这就是康德所说的“他律规定性”（heteronomy）的一个事例——做某事是为了其它事情，再为了其它事情，再为了其它事情，如此等等。当我们他律地行动时，我们是为了某些外在于我们的给定的目的去行动，我们是自己所追求的各种目的的工具，并非目的的设定者。
康德的意志自由观念与此截然相对。当我们自律的行动——也即根据我们给自己所立的法则而行动时——我们做某事是为了自身的目的，是作为目的本身。我们不再是那些外在于我们而给定的各种目的的工具。“自律地行动”这一能力，赋予了人类以特殊的尊严，它标示了人和物之间的区别。
对于康德而言，尊重人的尊严就意味着将人当做目的的本身来对待。这就是为什么功利主义为了总体福利而利用人是不对的。将那个大汉推落到轨道上以挡住电车，就是把他当做了工具，因而没有把他当做目的的本身加以尊重。一个开明的功力主义者（如密尔），可能会处于对次生效益的考虑——从长远来看会降低功利——而拒绝去推那个人。（比如人们将不敢站在桥上了，等等。）然后，康德会坚持认为，这是一个错误的。让人打消推人下桥的念头的理由，它仍然是将那个潜在的受害者当做成全他人幸福的一种工具、一个对象、一种手段。它让他活着，却并不是为了他自己的目的，而是为了让… (查看原文)
Ying
24 回复
85赞
2013-01-06 22:56:42
—— 引自章节：人与物
要看一个社会是否公正，就要看它如何分配我们所看重的物品——收入与财富、义务与权利、权力与机会、公共职务与荣誉等等。一个公正的社会以正当的方式分配这些物品，它给予每个人以应得的东西。 (查看原文)
小星精神
1 回复
31赞
2021-01-07 20:40:29
—— 引自章节：第一章 做正当之事